Population Health for Nurses

Population Health for Nurses prepares nurses to develop interventions, policies, and practices that promote health equity and improved health outcomes across the health care delivery continuum. The text emphasizes the social determinants of health and how nurses can plan and implement health promotion and disease prevention interventions. It takes a holistic perspective, connecting human health behavior to the dynamic, ongoing interactions of the person, social factors, and the physical environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work, and age.

OpenStax Population Health for Nurses uses a logical, thematic organization that breaks down content into manageable chunks. It presents the material in 35 chapters, organized into 7 thematic units. The text defines and distinguishes among the interrelated nursing areas of population health, public health, and community health nursing, providing both historical context and up-to-date research to help students make connections across content that can inform practice. The result is a holistic approach that applies theoretical concepts to the practical assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation steps of client care and community-tailored interventions.

Senior Contributing Authors
• Jessica Ochs, Endicott College
• Sherry L. Roper, California State University, Stanislaus
• Susan M. Schwartz, Widener University

Contributing Authors
• Emily Berkowitz, Texas Woman’s University
• Paul Thomas Clements, Texas A & M University
• Donna S. Guerra, University of Alabama in Huntsville
• Linda A. Havey, Vermont State University
• Millie Hepburn, Sacred Heart University
• Jamie Hunsicker, Ohio Northern University
• Michael L. Jones, East Carolina University
• L. Michelle McClave, Morehead State University
• Heather Moore, Xavier University
• Brenna Morse, MGH Institute of Health Professions
• Amy M. Richards, Rogers State University
• Angelina Silko, Galen College of Nursing
• Susan Solecki, Drexel University

Preface

Unit 1 Preserving the Health of Populations and Communities

Chapter 1 What Is Population Health?
o Introduction
o 1.1 Defining Population Health
o 1.2 Why Population Health Is Important
o 1.3 Population-Based Practice in Nursing
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 2 Foundations of Public/Community Health
o Introduction
o 2.1 Defining Public Health
o 2.2 Historical Perspectives on Public/Community Health
o 2.3 The Importance of Public/Community Health
o 2.4 The Core Functions and Essential Services of Public Health
o 2.5 Levels of Prevention
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 3 Public/Community Health in Practice
o Introduction
o 3.1 Defining Public/Community Health Nursing
o 3.2 Public/Community Health Nursing Scope of Practice, Core Competencies, and Function
o 3.3 Public/Community Health Nursing Practice
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 4 The Health of the Population
o Introduction
o 4.1 Defining Health
o 4.2 Performance Metrics
o 4.3 Health in America
o 4.4 World Health Statistics
o 4.5 Global Public Health Security
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Unit 2 Issues and Challenges of Population Health

Chapter 5 Demographic Trends and Societal Changes
o Introduction
o 5.1 Demographic Factors
o 5.2 Health Care Consumer Behavior
o 5.3 Virtual Care and Technology
o 5.4 Health Care Workforce
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 6 Structural Racism and Systemic Inequities
o Introduction
o 6.1 Understanding Different Forms of Racism
o 6.2 The Historical Context of Structural Racism in the United States
o 6.3 Contemporary Structural Racism and Systemic Inequities in the United States
o 6.4 Structural Racism and Systemic Inequities in U.S. Health Care
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 7 Policies and Regulatory Conditions Impacting Health Outcomes
o Introduction
o 7.1 Factors Affecting Public Health Policy
o 7.2 Balancing Individual Rights and Public Health Interests
o 7.3 Public Health Initiatives, Delivery Mechanisms, and Implications
o 7.4 Policies Affecting Drug Approval, Supply, and Cost
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 8 Social Determinants Affecting Health Outcomes
o Introduction
o 8.1 Economic Stability
o 8.2 Neighborhood and Built Environment
o 8.3 Educational Environment, Access, and Quality
o 8.4 Social and Community Context
o 8.5 The Cumulative Effect of Inequalities on Health
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 9 Health Disparities
o Introduction
o 9.1 Health Disparities Defined
o 9.2 Race and Ethnicity Disparities
o 9.3 Gender Disparities
o 9.4 Geographical Disparities
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Unit 3 Population-Based Practice and the Tenets of Public Health

Chapter 10 Socio-Ecological Perspectives and Health
o Introduction
o 10.1 Factors That Influence Health Practices
o 10.2 Theories and Models of Health Behavior
o 10.3 Core Principles of the Socio-Ecological Model
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 11 Evidence-Based Decision-Making
o Introduction
o 11.1 What Is Evidence-Based Decision-Making?
o 11.2 Where to Find Evidence-Based Interventions
o 11.3 Evaluating the Quality of the Evidence
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 12 Epidemiology for Informing Population/Community Health Decisions
o Introduction
o 12.1 Epidemiology Defined
o 12.2 Historical Perspective
o 12.3 Epidemiological Approaches
o 12.4 Types of Study Design
o 12.5 Epidemiologic Measures
o 12.6 Communicating Inferences from Epidemiologic Data
o 12.7 The Role of Epidemiology in Scientific Decision-Making and Policy Development
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 13 Pandemics and Infectious Disease Outbreaks
o Introduction
o 13.1 Pandemics Throughout History
o 13.2 Types of Infectious Disease Outbreaks
o 13.3 Infectious Disease Prevention and Control
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 14 Environmental Health
o Introduction
o 14.1 Understanding Environmental Health
o 14.2 Environmental Exposure and Health Outcomes
o 14.3 Environmental Health Assessment
o 14.4 Climate Change and Population Health
o 14.5 Nursing Practice and Responsibilities in Environmental Health
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 15 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Strategies
o Introduction
o 15.1 Defining Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
o 15.2 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Interventions
o 15.3 Theories and Models
o 15.4 Barriers and Opportunities for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Unit 4 Merging Public Health Principles with the Nursing Process

Chapter 16 Creating a Healthy Community
o Introduction
o 16.1 The Community as the Client
o 16.2 What Is a Healthy Community?
o 16.3 The Nursing Process as a Framework
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 17 Assessment, Analysis, and Diagnosis
o Introduction
o 17.1 Assessment Tools and Application to Practice
o 17.2 Assessment of Individual and Community Needs for Health Education
o 17.3 Analyzing Population Health Data and Identifying Patterns
o 17.4 Formulating a Nursing Community Diagnosis and Plan of Care
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 18 Planning Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Interventions
o Introduction
o 18.1 Theories and Models to Guide Program Planning
o 18.2 Partnerships and Coalitions in Program Planning
o 18.3 Developing Program Goals and Measurable Objectives to Demonstrate Outcomes
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 19 Planning Community Health Education
o Introduction
o 19.1 Principles of Planning in Health Education Practice
o 19.2 Developing a Health Education Plan
o 19.3 Steps Involved in Planning Health Education Activities
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 20 Implementation and Evaluation Considerations
o Introduction
o 20.1 Facilitators and Barriers to Program Implementation
o 20.2 Recruitment and Retention of Program Participants
o 20.3 Evaluation Strategies
o 20.4 Communication Strategies
o 20.5 Funding and Sustainability
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Unit 5 Culturally Congruent Care

Chapter 21 Cultural Influences on Health Beliefs and Practices
o Introduction
o 21.1 Race, Ethnicity, Culture, and Nationality
o 21.2 Cultural Groups and Formation of a Cultural Identity
o 21.3 The Role of Culture in Shaping Health Beliefs and Practices
o 21.4 Overview of Cultural Views and Practices
o 21.5 Culture Matters in Addressing Health Inequalities
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 22 Transcultural Nursing
o Introduction
o 22.1 What Is Transcultural Nursing?
o 22.2 Cultural Models
o 22.3 Cultural Assessment
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 23 Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Nursing Care
o Introduction
o 23.1 Culture, Cultural Identity, and Cultural Humility
o 23.2 What Is Culturally Responsive Care?
o 23.3 Factors Affecting Culturally Responsive Care
o 23.4 Becoming a Culturally Responsive Nurse
o 23.5 Linguistically Responsive Care
o 23.6 Providing Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Care
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 24 Designing Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Programs
o Introduction
o 24.1 Culturally Responsive Care
o 24.2 Health Care Tools to Identify Organizational Strengths and Areas for Improvement
o 24.3 The Nurse’s Role in Promoting Organizational Cultural and Linguistic Competency
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 25 Managing the Dynamics of Difference
o Introduction
o 25.1 Strategies to Promote Culturally Responsive Nursing
o 25.2 Root Causes of Stereotypes and Biases
o 25.3 Managing Conflict
o 25.4 Creating an Atmosphere of Trust and Mutual Respect
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Unit 6 Caring for Populations and Communities

Chapter 26 Health Promotion and Maintenance Across the Lifespan
o Introduction
o 26.1 Maternal Health
o 26.2 Newborn, Infant, and Toddler Health
o 26.3 Preschool, School-Age, and Adolescent Health
o 26.4 Adult Health
o 26.5 Older Adult Health
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 27 Caring for Vulnerable Populations and Communities
o Introduction
o 27.1 People Who Are Experiencing Homelessness
o 27.2 Veterans
o 27.3 The LGBTQIA+ Community
o 27.4 Migrant Workers
o 27.5 People with Disabilities
o 27.6 Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 28 Caring for Families
o Introduction
o 28.1 Family as Client
o 28.2 Frameworks of Practice
o 28.3 Family Health Nursing
o 28.4 Conducting a Family Nursing Assessment
o 28.5 Family Violence
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 29 Caring Across Practice Settings
o Introduction
o 29.1 Occupational Health
o 29.2 School Health
o 29.3 Correctional Nursing
o 29.4 Public Health Nursing and Public Health Departments
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 30 Care Transition and Coordination Across the Community
o Introduction
o 30.1 The Effects of Care Coordination and Care Transitions on Outcomes
o 30.2 Care Transition Models
o 30.3 Role of the Community Health Nurse
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 31 Caring for Populations and Communities in Crisis
o Introduction
o 31.1 Trauma-Informed Care
o 31.2 The Mental Health Crisis
o 31.3 The Opioid Epidemic and Substance Use Disorders
o 31.4 Human Trafficking
o 31.5 Refugees
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 32 Principles of Disaster Management
o Introduction
o 32.1 Types of Disasters
o 32.2 Biological Terrorism
o 32.3 Mass Violence
o 32.4 The Disaster Management Cycle
o 32.5 The Nurse’s Role in Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Unit 7 The Nurse’s Role as Advocate and Leader

Chapter 33 Advocating for Population Health
o Introduction
o 33.1 The Importance of Nurse Advocacy
o 33.2 Advocacy in Population Health
o 33.3 Advocacy and Coalition Building
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 34 Engagement in the Policy Development Process
o Introduction
o 34.1 Social Planning and Policy Change
o 34.2 Why Are Nurses Key Players in Health Policy?
o 34.3 Policy Development
o 34.4 Advancing Health Care Policies
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Chapter 35 Leading the Way to Improving Population Health
o Introduction
o 35.1 Learning from the Past to Guide the Future
o 35.2 Leading Initiatives to Transform Health Systems to Reduce Health Inequities
o 35.3 Carving a Path Forward
o Chapter Summary
o Key Terms
o Review Questions

Appendix A Assessment Tools
Appendix B Community/Public Health Nursing [C/PHN] Competencies
Appendix C Theories and Models Applicable to Practice
Appendix D Frequently Used and Misused Substances
Appendix E Nurse-Designed Models of Care